MAJOR MINERALS, TRACE MINERALS AND TISSUE SALTS

The human body reduced to its simplest form is a small pile of ashes. The carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen from protein-rich tissues and carbohydrate (or fat stores) have dissolved into the air or evaporated as water, leaving only the minerals. These “mineral ashes,” weighing approximately five pounds, might be small in quantity, but they would represent a vital role played out in all body tissues.

Minerals are involved in a variety of functions. They are necessary to promote growth and regulate body processes. They provide structure to bones and participate in muscle contraction, blood formation, protein building, energy production, and lots of other bodily processes. They are found in soil and water and are ingested via food and drink.

There are at least twenty-two minerals essential to human health (over sixty-five minerals have been found in the body), and these nutrients are divided into two categories: major minerals and trace minerals.

Major minerals are present in the body in amounts greater than a teaspoon, while a trace mineral can total less than a teaspoon. The terms “major” and “trace” do not reflect the importance of a mineral in maintaining optimal health, as a deficiency of either major or trace minerals produces equally harmful effects.

Henry Schroeder, M.D., Ph.D., of Dartmouth College has said, “Your mineral needs are even more important than your vitamin needs, since your body cannot make minerals.”

Minerals work either together or against each other. Some minerals

compete for absorption, so a large intake of one mineral can produce a deficiency of another. This is especially true of the trace minerals, such as copper, iron and zinc. In other cases, some minerals enhance the absorption of other minerals. For example, the proper proportion of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the diet enhances the absorption and use of all three minerals. Absorption is also dependent on body needs. A person who is deficient in a mineral will absorb more of it than someone who is adequately nourished. The three minerals that tend to be low in the average Westernworlddiet are calcium (utilization may be the big problem here), iron andzinc.

Commercial food processing definitely reduces the nutrient content of food and can be dangerous to human health. The refining of whole grains (including wheat, rice and corn) has resulted in a dramatic reduction of their natural-food-complex nutrition. The milling of wheat to white flour reduces the natural-food-complex vitamin and mineral content by 40-60 percent.

Food refining appears to reduce trace minerals such as manganese, zinc and chromium, as well as various macro-minerals (magnesium). The treatment of canned or frozen vegetables with EDTA (a preservative) can strip much of the zinc from foods. High rates of calcium-metabolism disorders suggest that the forms of calcium many are consuming simply do not agree with the body,or are not assimilated properly, resulting in calcium loss.

Calcium Utilization

Bone, nerve and connective tissue weakness can be a direct result of poor calcium utilization. This results in: hemorrhoids, varicose veins and spider veins, wrinkles, hernias, aneurysms, prolapsed conditions of bladder, uterus, bowels, etc.

Thyroid/parathyroid weakness (hyperactivity) lowers or blocks proper calcium utilization. Phosphorus, calcium and magnesium must be in balance with each other for proper tissue function, growth and repair.

High calcium supplementation will push out or deplete your phosphorus levels.

Calcium cannot be properly utilized without parathyroid hormones.Stone formation, including bone spurs, will result if you supplementanything but plant calcium, especially when the parathyroid is weak.Organically-grown produce contains higher levels of some essentialminerals than does conventionally (non-organically) grown produce, and appears to contain lower levels of toxic heavy metals. Even if modern food practices did not affect nutrition (which they do), all minerals that humans need for optimal health do not exist uniformly in soils. Soils that are deficient in certain minerals can result in low concentrations of major or trace minerals in drinking water and plant crops, which contribute to marginal or deficient dietary intake. Luckily, we are able to draw from a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, nuts and herbs from all parts of the world.

MAJOR MINERALS

Calcium (Ca)

Acid/Alkaline: Alkaline-forming

Types: protein bound Ca. 46%; diffusable Ca. 6.5%; ionized Ca. 47.5%

Food sources: Kelp, sesame seeds, dark leafy green vegetables, carrots, oranges, almonds, broccoli, papaya, sunflower seeds, walnuts, cashews, Brazil nuts, tofu, bone meal, brown rice, and most fruits and vegetables.

Note: Coffee, commercial teas, carbonated drinks, (soda pops, etc.),marijuana, excess salt, cigarettes, refined sugars, alcohol, andchemical diuretics all inhibit or “pull” calcium out of bone andtissues.

Uses in the body: Calcium is the most abundant mineral (metal) in your body. Necessary for bone, cartilage, tendons and connective tissue strength. (Used in bone matrix.) Assists the actuation of manyenzymes including pancreatic. Works with neuro-transmissions.

Used in ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate release (cell energy reserves).

 99% of the body’s Ca is located in the bones and teeth.

Plays a role in blood clotting. One of many cellular transporters.

Deficiencies: A lack of utilization is epidemic. Utilization requires

parathyroid/thyroid hormones and alkalization.

Short term deficiencies: Muscle cramping and spasms, poundingheartbeat, loss of sleep, irritability, tooth decay, periodontal disease,softened bones, nervousness, back and leg cramps, brittle bones,connective tissue weakness including varicose and spider veins,hemorrhoids, prolapsed conditions of organs and skin, petechiae, hotflashes, hot and cold syndrome, and heart arrhythmias. Plays a rolein muscular contraction. Use is regulated by parathyroid hormoneand vitamin D. Builds bones and teeth. Normalizes heart action,nerve irritability, blood coagulation, normalizes metabolism. Calcium neutralizes excessive serum histamines. Increased calciumconsumption can increase calcitonin production by the thyroid gland(C-cells). This actually inhibits bone reabsorption, thus creating theopposite effect of rebuilding your bones. Lead interferes withcalcium utilization.

Long term deficiencies: Osteoporosis, scoliosis, rickets and diseases involving the loss of calcium from the bones or the failure of growing bones to have enough calcium for strength and propergrowth. Stunted growth. Also, arthritis and depression.

Toxicity: Acidosis, bone spurs, kidney stones, stenosis issues, andcalcium deposits in tissues. Also possibly hypertension, confusion,nausea and vomiting.

Carbon (C)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: Air, carbohydrates, sugars, fruits and vegetables, nuts, olives and avocados.

Uses in the body: Main source of energy. A component ofcarbohydrates and building blocks of fats and amino acids.

Necessary for teeth, connective tissue, skin, hair and nails.

Chlorine (Chloride) (Cl)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: Most fruits and vegetables: coconut, avocados, dates,turnips, lettuces, kale, kelp/dulse, celery, tomatoes, potatoes, apricots, orange juice, pineapple, watercress, raw white cabbage, spinach, asparagus, cucumbers, parsnips, carrots, onions. In cooked dried beans and peas, and sea salt, etc.

Toxic sources: Water supplies

Uses in the body: An electrolyte, along with sodium and potassium.

Affects blood, nerves, epithelium. Aids digestion and elimination,normalizes osmotic pressure in blood and tissues. Helps maintainnormal heart function, acid-base balance and water balance.

Increases capacity of blood to carry carbon dioxide to lungs forexcretion. Helps to cleanse both the intestines and body of toxins.

Produces the normal acid environment in stomach. (This aids inabsorption of iron and vitamin B12.)

Deficiency: Disturbed digestion, water retention issues, weight loss.

Toxicity: Very toxic in even slightly higher amounts. Symptoms areweakness, confusion and coma.

Hydrogen (H)

Acid/Alkaline: Alkaline-forming

Food sources: All foods, especially carbohydrates and fats. Sugars, fruits and vegetables (especially carrots, celery, spinach, tomatoes and cabbage).

Uses in the body: Blood; all cells.

Magnesium (Mg)

Acid/Alkaline: Alkaline-forming

Food sources: All fruits and vegetables, especially dark leafy greens, seaweeds, nuts, seeds, dried fruits, potatoes, sesame seeds, alfalfa, figs, brown rice, kelp, pineapple, honey, celery, whole-grainproducts, almonds, avocados, bananas, apples, peaches, lima beans,

black-eyed peas, wheat germ, brown rice.

Toxic sources: Water

Uses in the body: Strengthens muscles and nerve tissues. Activates many enzymes, especially in carbohydrate metabolism. Needed for proper bone and teeth formation. Conditions liver and glands. Stimulates elimination. May help combat stress, maintain muscle contractions and aid in adaptation to cold, and regulation of normal heart rhythm.

May reduce effects of lead poisoning and reduce kidney stones.

Also, blood albumen.

Note: Alcohol, diuretics, emotional or physical stress, diarrhea, zinc, and fluoride increase the need for magnesium.

Deficiency: Symptoms may include diarrhea, fatigue, calcium depletion, and heart arrhythmias. Also, soft and porous bones, poor digestion, GI upsets, fatigue, sleep disturbances, irritability, confusion, cramping and spasms, tachycardia, nervousness, kidney stones, convulsions, poor complexion. A severe magnesium deficiency may result in coronary heart disease, mental confusion, and blood clot formation.

Toxicity: Severe nausea and vomiting, extremely low blood pressure, extreme muscle weakness, difficulty breathing and heartbeat irregularity.

Nitrogen (N)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: Proteins (Amino Acids). Dominating foods: nuts, seeds, alfalfa, green leafy vegetables.

Toxic sources: Meats

Uses in the body: Acts like and is the main element of a protein and the mineral phosphorus. Muscles, cartilage, tissue, tendons, ligaments, lean flesh.

Deficiency: Abnormal growth, thinness, neuromuscular issues, anddeath.

Toxicity: Acidosis

Oxygen (O)

Acid/Alkaline: Alkaline-forming

Food sources: Fresh air

Toxic sources: Pollution

Uses in the body: Creates oxidation. Needed for bones, teeth, skin, red blood cells, circulation and optimism!

Deficiency: Lack of oxygen causes death.

Phosphorus (P)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: present in nearly all foods, especially peas, seeds, corn, mushrooms, carrots, nuts (pecans, almonds, etc.), whole grainproducts, dried fruit, legumes.

Toxic sources: Meat, grains, intestinal products and wastes, phosphate mining, soaps, phosphate additives in carbonated drinks, etc.

Uses in the body: Phosphorus is essential for calcification of bone (85% of your body’s pH is in your skeletal system). Used in many enzyme processes including metabolism. Controls the activities of most hormones and many vitamins. A factor in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Organic phosphates are a part of all cellularstructures and many of their functions. Part of ATP (AdenosineTriphosphate), which is a cell’s power company. Used in theoxidation of sugars for the formation of ATP. Builds bones, teeth,blood, brain and hair. Metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.

Transporter of fatty acids.

Deficiency: Leads to bone pain and poor bone formation, osteoporosis, poor memory, tissue weakness, prolapsed conditions, fatigue, irritability, poor growth, rickets, skin sensitivity, decreased appetite and weight. General weakness. Excessive amounts of phosphorus can occur from prolonged and excessive intake of non-absorbable antacids, high consumption of soft drinks, canned and processed foods.

Toxicity: Rarely toxic. Symptoms may include brittle bones related to loss of calcium (osteoporosis), seizures, heartbeat irregularities and shortness of breath.

Potassium (K)

Acid/Alkaline: Alkaline-forming

Food sources: All fruits and vegetables, especially dark green leafy ones. Kelp, dulse, seeds, figs, celery, mushrooms, dried fruits, potatoes, avocados, broccoli, legumes, papaya, raisins, brown rice, Brussels sprouts, bananas, and watermelon.

Toxic sources: Prescription drugs, especially some diuretics, can cause excessive potassium loss from the body. Also, chronic diarrhea and diabetic acidosis.

Note: Excess Vitamin D can contribute to potassium loss and thesuppression of thyroid function. Same with PABA supplementation.

Also, potassium deficiency (or loss) is also affected by magnesium,

zinc, and iron deficiency.

Deficiency: Heart arrhythmias, shortness of breath, weakness in muscles, poor digestion and utilization. Slowed growth, paralysis, sterility, mental apathy and confusion, kidney damage. Dry skin, acne, chills, insomnia, decreased reflex response, glucose intolerance. Potassium deficiency can occur with chronic diarrhea, vomiting, diabetic acidosis, kidney disease, or prolonged use of laxatives or diuretics.

Uses in the body: Balances body fluids, regulates nervous and muscular irritability. Aids in formation of glycogen from glucose, fats from glycogen, proteins from peptones and proteases. May cure acne, allergies, alcoholism, heart disease and help to heal burns.

Toxicity: Excess intake of potassium can cause high concentration of the element in blood, disturbances in heart and kidney function, and alterations in fluid balance. Fatalities may result when high levels of potassium in the bloodstream cause heart attacks.

Sodium (Na)

Acid/Alkaline: Alkaline-forming

Food sources: All fruits and vegetables, especially dark green leafy ones, carrots, celery, watermelon, strawberries, apples, huckleberries, gooseberries, cauliflower, asparagus, salt (all types), cucumbers, beets, okra, pumpkin, string beans, kelp/dulse.

Toxic sources: Most processed foods, water supplies.

Note: Diuretic drugs are the chief offenders in throwing off excesssodium from the body. Excessive sweating can reduce sodium in thebody to low levels. Also, low sodium may be indicative of reducedadrenal cortex function. Sodium has a strong affinity for Oxygen.

Uses in the body: An essential body electrolyte. A principle cation(positively charged ion) for intra- (inter) cellular activities andhomeostasis. Plays a major role in the osmotic pressure of a cell, thus affecting water and nutritional utilization by cells. Involved inmuscular contraction. Plays a role in carbohydrate and proteinmetabolism; plays a role in glucose catabolism (breakdown) andglycogen formation (glucose storage); plays a role in euro(electrical)transmission through the nervous system (affecting conductivity of a cell); and plays a role in normal heart rhythms.

Deficiency: Sodium deficiency symptoms include muscle weakness and muscle shrinkage, twitching, fatigue, poor concentration, memory loss, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, arthritis, nerve pain, digestive distress, poor adrenal function, and weight loss. These are usually a result of starvation or severe fasting, vomiting, dry skin, allergies, low blood pressure, constipation, perspiration or diarrhea. A severe deficiency of sodium chloride could cause dehydration and death.

Toxicity: A diet high in sodium is linked to hypertension (and restriction of sodium lowers blood pressure). Diets in the U.S. contain excessive amounts of sodium (as much as 15 times the recommended daily intake).

Sulfur (S)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: Kale, turnip, Brussels sprouts, dried beans, cabbage,cauliflower, garlic, onions, raspberry, kelp, broccoli, lettuce, wheatgerm, etc.

Toxic sources: Hair permanents, straighteners, some conditioners can affect sulfur levels.

Note: Sulfur is known to protect cells from the toxic effects of heavy metals. Also, tobacco decreases absorption.

Uses in the body: Sulfur disinfects the blood, helps the body to resist bacteria, and protects the protoplasm of cells. It aids in necessary oxidation reactions in the body, stimulates bile secretion, and protects against toxic substances. Because of its ability to protect against the harmful effects of radiation and pollution, sulfur slows down the aging process. It is needed for the synthesis of collagen, a principal protein that gives the skin its structural integrity. Needed for hair, nails, insulin, cartilage, and blood. Aids digestion and elimination. Oxidizing agent in hemoglobin.

Note: Sulfur is the key substance that makes garlic the “king of herbs.”

Deficiency: Restricted growth, eczema, dermatitis, poor growth of nails and hair or brittle hair and nails.

Toxicity: Increased cardiac risk. Unlikely to threaten life.

ABOUT TRACE MINERALS

Trace elements are minerals needed in small amounts by plants, animals and human beings. There are trace amounts of over sixty-five minerals in our bodies, including: aluminum, arsenic, barium, bismuth, beryllium, bromine, cadmium, chromium, copper, folic acid, fluorine, gallium, germanium, gold, iodine, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, quinine, selenium, silicon, silver, strontium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium and zinc. They play a major role in health and are essential in the assimilation andutilization of vitamins and other nutrients. They aid in digestion and provide the catalyst for many hormones, enzymes and essential body functions and reactions. They also aid in replacing electrolytes lost through heavy perspiration or extended diarrhea and protect against toxic reactions and heavy metal poisoning. Current research now proves that human beings should get the required trace elements from their food in a balanced diet, especially fresh fruits and vegetables.

The late Dr. Henry Schroeder stated that trace elements (minerals) “are more important than are the vitamins, in that they cannot be synthesized by living matter. Thus they are the spark-plugs in the chemistry of life, on which the exchanges of energy in the combustion of foods and the building of living tissues depend.”

There are many factors that can contribute to mineral imbalances. This means that the minerals we think we are consuming do not necessarily wind up doing their work in our bodies. What are some of the barriers to mineral absorption?

Diet

A major factor contributing to a mineral imbalance is improper eating habits, including excessive intake of refined carbohydrates, alcohol, and fad diets.

Even the mineral content of a “healthy” diet can be inadequate, depending upon the soil in which the food was grown or the method in which it was prepared.

Stress

Both physical and emotional stress can lead to mineral imbalances. Certain nutrients such as the mineral zinc and the B-complex vitamins are lost in greater quantities due to increased stress. Nutrient absorption can also decrease when the body is under stress.

Medications

Medications can deplete the body store of nutrient minerals or increase the levels of toxic metals. The well-known effects of diuretics include not only sodium loss, but in many cases, a potassium and magnesium loss. Antacids, aspirin, and oral contraceptive agents can lead to vitamin and mineral deficiencies as well as toxic metal excesses.

Pollution

Toxic metals such as lead, mercury and cadmium can interfere with mineral absorption and increase mineral excretion. All our lives we are continually exposed to a variety of toxic metal sources such as cigarette smoke (cadmium), copper and aluminum cookware, hair dyes (lead), lead based cosmetics, hydrogenated oils (nickel), antiperspirants (aluminum), and dental amalgams (mercury and cadmium). These are just a few of the many sources of metal pollution an individual may be exposed to every day.

Nutritional supplements

Vitamin and mineral supplements can also cause imbalances. Calcium absorption is decreased in the presence of phosphorus. Vitamin C is required for iron absorption, but in excess amounts it can cause a copper deficiency.

Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption, but, in excess amounts, can produce a magnesium deficiency or other conditions.

TRACE MINERALS/MICRO-TRACE MINERALS

Arsenic (As)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: Water, air and soil.

Toxic sources: Fish, grains and cereals, coal burning, pesticides,insecticides (via a chemical called arsenoxide), herbicides, defoliants, metal work, manufacture of glass and mirrors, tobacco smoke, dental compounds for root canal fillings. Also, breathing sawdust or burning smoke from wood treated with arsenic, living near uncontrolled hazardous waste sites, eating food, drinking water, or breathing air containing arsenic. Inorganic arsenic compounds areused to preserve wood.

Uses in the body: The role of arsenic in the body is unknown. In animal studies, arsenic was essential for growth, development, andreproduction, possibly because of its role in the metabolism ofmethionine, an amino acid involved in growth. Has a “garlic” odorwhen burned. Stored mostly in the liver. Excreted in urine. Possibleuses in the body: skin, hair, nails, thyroid gland and brain.

Deficiency: Arsenic settles in the muscles and the brain (dislodgingphosphorus). Sweet metallic taste, garlicky odor to breath and stools, constriction of throat, constant backache (causes chiropracticadjustments not to hold), fatigue, low vitality, difficulties inswallowing, burning sensation (inflammation) in eyes, throat andchest, enlargement of tonsils, muscle spasms, pain in muscles of theback, listlessness, loss of pain sensation, loss of body hair, skin color changes (dark spots) gastroenteritis.

Toxicity: Metabolic inhibitor (reduces energy production efficiency), cellular and enzyme poison. Constricts the throat and causes muscle spasms. An extreme “nerve” toxin. Anorexia. Ingesting high levels can result in death. Breathing high levels of inorganic arsenic can give you a sore throat or irritated lungs. Also, nausea, vomiting, decreased production of red and white blood cells, abnormal heart rhythm, damage to blood vessels, and a sensation of “pins and needles” in hands and feet. Also, constant backache.

Beryllium (Be)

Food sources: Water, air and soil.

Toxic sources: Industrial exposure, mining, metal working, burning coal, copper processing, and possibly paints, colors, cosmetics.

Uses in the body: There is currently no information regarding whether beryllium is essential for optimum biochemical function.

Deficiency: Dyspnea, weight loss, cough, fatigue, chest pain, anorexia, and weakness.

Toxicity: Effects the lungs, liver, kidneys and heart. Enzyme inhibitor, including ATP, DNA and several hepatic enzymes; cell death in all tissues.

Boron (B)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Found in: Volcanic springs in Tuscany, as borates in hernite, and ascolemanite in California.

Food sources: Water supply. Fresh fruits: apples, carrots, grapes, pears, leafy vegetables, nuts and grains.

Toxic sources: Soaps, cements, some cleaners, glass, ceramics.

Deficiency: Poor dietary intake of boron causes bone changes similar to those noted in osteoporotic women. Boron deficiency results in decreased blood levels of ionized calcium and calcitonin, elevated levels of total calcium and urinary excretion of calcium. In animals, it causes depressed growth rates. Boron and magnesium metabolism might be related, since a combined deficiency of these two minerals exacerbates the osteo-condition, suppresses bone anabolism, and results in decreased magnesium concentrations in bones. In contrast, boron supplementation elevates serum concentrations of betaestradiol and testosterone and produces changes consistent with the prevention of calcium loss and bone demineralization.

Toxicity: Nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, arthritis, and fatigue. Limited research on animals shows that excessive boron intake might suppress growth and immunity.

Cadmium (Cd)

Food sources: Water, air and soil.

Toxic sources: Cigarette smoke, air from battery manufacturing, metal soldering, welding and electroplating, pipes, water supplies, mining, the air near zinc refineries, burning of fossil fuels or municipal waste, dentures, paints, galvanized pipes, contaminated shellfish.

Foods that help to detox cadmium: Vegetables from the cabbage

family, paprika, fruits.

Uses in the body: An environmental poison found in water, on our food and in the air. It’s found in processed grains, dairy products, meats, fish, fertilizers, auto exhaust, cigarette smoke, batteries, solder and dentures. It disrupts the absorption of other minerals and tends to settle in the heart and right kidney and affects proper functioning of several enzymes.

Deficiency: Anemia, muscle deterioration, hypertension, liver and kidney damage, zinc deficiency, arthritis, pneumonitis, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of calcium in bones, deterioration of heart and blood vessel structures, prostration, emphysema.

Toxicity: Cadmium is not excreted from the body and can accumulate over time to toxic levels. Excessive intake occurs when soft water leaches cadmium from pipes. Hypertension, kidney damage, loss of sense of smell (anosmia). Studies show that alcohol increases the retention of heavy metals such as cadmium.

Chromium (Cr)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: Natural water sources, mushrooms, sugar cane, brewer’s yeast, molasses, spices and herbs.

Toxic sources: Industry leather tanning processes, raw cement and wood finishing.

Note: Scientists estimate that 90% of Americans don’t get enough

chromium and that 60% are diabetic or hypoglycemic.

Uses in the body: Master regulator of insulin. The average body contains about 600 meg. of chromium with the highest concentration occurring during infancy. The main function of chromium is as a component of glucose tolerance factor (GTF), a substance that works with insulin to facilitate the uptake of blood sugar (glucose) into the cells. Needed for energy, thyroid, spleen. Aids carbohydrate metabolism. Works with insulin in glucose utilization and energy release. Chromium deficient diseases are aggravated by vanadium deficiency.

Deficiency: Hypoglycemia, diabetes. Possible sleep and dreamdisturbances, anxiety, fatigue, shortened life span. Industrialchromium has carcinogenic effects upon the lungs and can causebronchial inflammation, skin ulcerations, and conditions have beenobserved in cerebral hemorrhage and thrombosis.

Toxicity: Excess intake or tissue accumulation of chromium can inhibit rather than enhance the effectiveness of insulin. At extremely high levels, it may encourage the growth of cancer. Kidney and liverimpairment.

Cobalt (Co)

Food sources: All green leafy vegetables. Also, various fruits, vegetables and herbs.

Toxic sources: Cobalt is used as an antifoaming agent in the processing of some beer. Consumption of large amounts of this beer could cause polycythemia and heart disorders.

Uses in the body: Aids in normal growth and appetite, pancreas. The only known function of cobalt is as a constituent of vitamin B12. In this capacity, cobalt aids in the formation of normal red blood cells, maintenance of nerve tissue, and normal formation of cells.

Deficiency: A deficiency of cobalt is equivalent to a deficiency ofvitamin B12, and can cause anemia, nerve disorders, andabnormalities in cell formation. Also, “scaly” skin and atrophy.

Toxicity: Rare. Large doses of inorganic cobalt (not combined withvitamin B12) might stimulate thyroid and bone marrow function,resulting in excess production of red blood cells (polycythemia).

Copper (Cu)

Acid/Alkaline: Alkaline-forming

Food sources: Dark green leafy vegetables, raisins, radishes, nuts(especially almonds) oranges, blackstrap molasses, avocados, andbroccoli.

Toxic sources: Copper water pipes and cooking utensils.

Note: Long-term uses of oral contraceptives can upset the balance of copper in the body causing excessively high cholesterol levels.

Uses in the body: Liver, gallbladder, blood, lungs, heart. Absorption and metabolism of iron. Oxidation of fatty acids, of tyrosine to melanin pigments. Metabolism of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). A catalyst used in the manufacture of hemoglobin. Essential to catecholamine synthesis. Copper is a component of the antioxidant enzyme: Superoxide dismutase, and might protect cell membranes from potential damage by highly reactive oxygen fragments. In thisantioxidant role, copper might function to prevent the developmentof cancer.

Deficiency: Copper settles in brain and ovaries. Can cause chronicdiarrhea, burning sensation in throat and tonsils, malabsorptionproblems, or iron-deficiency anemia. Also loss of color from skinand hair (inability of body to manufacture collagen), baldness, heartdisease, Menkes’ Syndrome, nervous system impairment, lowresistance to infection, scoliosis, poor tissue formation, impairedrespiration, skin sores, retardation.

Toxicity: Symptoms can include ulcerative colitis, Wilson’s Disease.

Mental and emotional problems.

Note: Daily intake of more than 20 mg. can cause nausea and vomiting.

Fluorine/Fluoride (F)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: Carrots, turnip and beet greens, dandelion, sunflower

seeds, garlic, spinach, green leafy vegetables, nuts (especiallyalmonds), dandelions.

Toxic sources: Fluoride is added to many water supplies and to food processed in areas containing high levels of fluoride. It is added to most toothpastes and may be added to the soil in certain fertilizers.

Also found in seafood and oats.

Uses in the body: Stronger tooth enamel and bones, fewer cavities,fewer bone fractures, less osteoporosis in older women, higher birthweights and higher rates of growth in children, reduces loss ofhearing if caused by otospongiosis of the inner ear. Also needed for

blood, skin, hair and nails.

Deficiency: Decay of teeth, curvature of the spine, weak eyesight.

Toxicity: Fluoride remains in the body for a long time, because it isincorporated into the bones. Even just a little over the recommendedlevels can cause painful and aching bones, stiffness, weakness,chalky white areas on the teeth, brown or pitted teeth, knots on thebones, rapid aging, increased rates of cancer, high death rate (up tothree times higher in areas of high fluoride concentration in watersupply), sagging and wrinkled skin, scleroderma (hard patches ofskin). People in India sometimes suffer from the bone deformities(i.e., hunchback) of skeletal fluorosis even when the fluoride

Iron (Fe)

concentration in the water is only 11/2 times the RDA. Hot weather,drinking lots of water, and low protein diets increase fluoride intakeand side effects. Large doses of fluoride are extremely poisonous.

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: Fruits and vegetables, especially dark green leafyvegetables, nuts (including almonds, hazelnuts, etc.), oranges,grapes, bananas, kelp/dulse, raisins, figs, beets, carrots, tomato juice, asparagus, parsley, lima beans, cucumbers, Brussels sprouts, winter squash, broccoli, watercress, blackberries, whole grain products, root vegetables, spinach, raw broccoli, green peas, avocados, prunes, raisins, sesame and pumpkin seeds.

Toxic sources: Industry, old plumbing pipes, water supplies,environmental sources, including air, cast-iron pots and pans.

Uses in the body: Essential for the formation of hemoglobin, myoglobin and many enzymes, necessary for the formation of red blood cells, and helps fight stress and disease. Iron affects the release of the adrenal hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone increases sodium levels.

This aids alkalization and balances potassium. Works with glucoseand fructose as well as with some vitamins (E, C, etc.) and some

amino acids. Iron strengthens the immune system and increasesresistance to colds, infections and disease. It is the oxygen-carryingcomponent of the blood. Other possible uses in body: growth,reproduction, teeth, skeletal, liver, lipids, cholesterol. Vitamin E andzinc, taken in large doses, interfere with the absorption of iron.

Caffeine from coffee, tea or soft drinks interferes with the absorption of iron. Excessive phosphorus consumption in people who eat lots of canned food or in people who drink many soft drinks may block absorption. Excessive sweating, or rapid food transit time through the intestines can reduce iron. Low iron builds high lead and visa versa. Lead interferes with hemoglobin formation and can create iron deficiency anemia.

Deficiency: Slight iron deficiency (that does not affect red blood cell counts) may cause tiredness, headache, slower running times incompetitive runners, weakness, difficult menstruation, irritability,depression and sleeplessness or troubled sleep. Severe iron deficiency ay cause anemia or low red blood cell counts,constipation, mouth soreness, brittle nails, pale skin or difficulty inbreathing. Other possible symptoms could be food cravings for“nonfood items” such as ice, clay or starch, heart disease, impairedmental skills. Can affect job performance, mood and memory.

Increases intestinal irritation and inflammation.

Toxicity: Taking too much iron can cause unhealthy iron deposits in the body, and can lead to the production of free radicals. The buildup of iron in the tissues has been associated with a rare disease known as hemochromatosis. Overdoses can cause bleeding from the stomach or intestines, a drop in blood pressure, liver damage, reduced resistance to infections, and could be fatal for young children.

Lead (Pb)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: Food and plants grown in soil contaminated with lead.

Toxic sources: Lead is ingested from a variety of sources includingfresh and canned food, water, lead-based paint, lead-glazed pottery,hair dyes, air pollution, car exhaust, tobacco smoke, on the solder oftin cans, fumes from gasoline vapors while filling your gas tanks arefull of lead. Lead is a protoplasmic poison found in bleached whitesugar. Foods that help to detox lead: Pumpkin seeds, okra, rhubarbroot, cayenne pepper, peppermint, dulse, leafy greens and fruits.

Note: Watch out for copper and aluminum cookware and storing acidfoods in metal containers.

Uses in the body: Unknown. Lead interferes with hemoglobin formation and can create iron deficiency anemia. Lead is a protoplasmic poison, which means it interferes with the proper life-energy enzyme exchange in the living body.

Deficiency: Lead is one of the most common and persistent neurotoxins in the environment. Causes damage even at low levels. Lack of will power, fatigue, lack of abstract thinking, allergies, anemia, headaches, weakness, hyperactivity in children, brain dysfunction, causes behavioral and learning problems, especially in children. Lead settles in the brain, nerves, bones and the right kidney.

Toxicity: Impaired nervous system (which can result in behavioralproblems such as hyperactivity in children), anemia, weakness,muscle deterioration, lethargy, mental impairment, abdominaldiscomfort, constipation, lack of will power, lack of abstractthinking, lack of mental capacity, tooth decay, allergic reactions tofood and environment, increases in diabetes and multiple sclerosis.

Lithium (Li)

Acid//Alkaline: Alkaline-forming

Food sources: Kelp/dulse, whole grain foods, seeds.

Uses in the body: Reduces aggressiveness, violence and self-destruction.

Deficiency: Depression, manic depressive disorders, mania, suicide,

spousal and child abuse.

Toxicity: Tremors, drowsiness, headaches, confusion, restlessness,

dizziness, psychomotor retardation, lethargy, coma.

Manganese (Mn)

Acid/Alkaline: Alkaline-binding

Food sources: All dark leafy green vegetables, spinach, bananas, beets, blueberries, oranges, grapefruit, apricots, peas, kelp and otherseaweed, celery, legumes, nuts, grains, asparagus, pineapples.

Toxic sources: Industrially inhaled manganese has been linked to

psychiatric and nervous disorders!

Uses in the body: Thyroxine formation, formation of urea, lipotropic activity of choline. Utilization of thiamine. Metabolism ofcarbohydrates, strengthens tissues and bones, kidneys, liver,pancreas, spleen, brain, heart and lymph. Works with neurotransmitters and energy metabolism. Component of bone andcartilage formation. Activates many enzymes including pyruvate,carboxylase, mitochondrial superoxide, arginase and dismutase.

Essential to catecholamine synthesis. Helps fertility and reproduction, helps growth and sex hormone production, helps regulate blood sugar and helps the body use proteins and carbohydrates.

Deficiency: Rare. Atherosclerosis, confusion, tremors, impaired vision and hearing, skin rash, elevated cholesterol, increased bloodpressure, irritability, pancreatic damage, sweating, increased heartrate, mental impairment, grinding of teeth, fatigue and lowendurance. Weak bone, hair and fingernails. Skin conditions.

Conception issues and weight loss. Glandular disorders, weak tissuerespiration, defective reproduction functions, seizures andconvulsions, possible cramping, paralysis. However, calciumdeficiency is the reason for cramping.

Toxicity: Known to be highly toxic when inhaled or taken intravenously.

Excess symptoms are CID or the human equivalent of Mad Cow

Disease.

Mercury (Hg)

Food sources: Many types of fish, especially tuna

Toxic sources: Contaminated fish, dental amalgams, water supplies,thermometers, some batteries, manufacture and delivery of petroleum products, fungicides (for grains and cereals), florescent lamps, hair dyes, cosmetics, combustion of fossil fuels, fertilizers,pharmaceutical preparations (diuretics and hemorrhoidal, etc.). Thissource of mercury might suppress the immune system and thebody’s natural defense against infection and disease.

Uses in the body: Mercury salts are used in medicine, agriculture, and industry and accumulation of toxic levels is possible. Mercury alters the shape and function of enzymes. The body accumulates mercury in the kidneys, nerves, blood, liver, bone marrow, spleen, brain, heart, skin and muscles. The developing infant is very susceptible to mercury toxicity during pregnancy. While pregnant and/or breastfeeding, eat in moderation any fish that tends to be highin mercury.

Deficiency: Mercury settles in liver, spleen, kidneys, intestinal wall,heart, skeletal muscles, lungs and bones. Immediate gastrointestinaldisturbances, loss of appetite and weight, inflammation of gums,difficulty chewing and swallowing, metallic taste in mouth, thirst,nausea, vomiting, pain in the abdomen, bloody diarrhea.

Toxicity: Excess mercury suppresses selenium, causes severe emotional disturbances, cell destruction, blocked transport of sugars (energy at cellular level), increased permeability of potassium, loss of appetite, depression, tremors, decreases senses, peripheral numbness, poor memory and especially neuro-muscular conductors. Has been linked to MS and Parkinson’s. Has been associated with heart attacks (Mis).

Molybdenum (Mo)

Food sources: Brown rice, millet, dark green leafy vegetables, peas,

legumes, beans, whole grains.

Toxic sources: Tap water

Uses in the body: Regulates calcium, magnesium, copper metabolism.

Conversion of purines to uric acid. It’s a component of the enzymexanthine oxidase that aids in the formation of uric acid (a normalbreakdown product of metabolism). It is important in themobilization of iron from storage, and is necessary for normalgrowth and development.

Deficiency: Copper deficiency. Increased heart rate, mouth and gumdisorders, anemia, loss of appetite, weight loss, impotence in oldermales, increased respiratory rate, night blindness, stunted growth.

Toxicity: Generally considered non-toxic. However, prolonged intake of more than 10 mg. is associated with gout-like symptoms, such as pain and swelling of the joints.

Nickel (Ni)

Food sources: Found in trace amounts in all foods.

Toxic sources: Is used in industry as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of oils and fats (hardened fats). Commonly found in all brands ofmargarine, as well as oils and fats labeled “hydrogenated,” meaninghardened vegetable oil (also in breads, chips, cookies, candies, etc.).

Found in steel and other metal manufacturing industries, cigarettes,and in dyes and hair treatments.

Note: Poppy Seeds remove nickel deposits!

Foods that help to detoxify nickel: The best dietary sources that assist the body to remove excess or toxic amounts of nickel and other metals are fruits and green leafy vegetables.

Uses in the body: No established role for nickel has been identified,although the mineral is found in association with the genetic codewithin each cell and might help activate certain enzymes. Some saypancreas and insulin. It is probably involved in the activity ofhormones, cell membranes and enzymes. Low blood levels of Ni areobserved in people with vitamin B6 deficiency, cirrhosis of the liver, and kidney failure. The significance of these blood levels is not known. In contrast, elevated blood levels of nickel are associated with the development of cancer, heart attack, thyroid disorders, psoriasis and eczema.

Deficiency: Nickel settles in sinus, joints, and spinal column. Can be a nephro-toxin, effecting the urinary tract, especially the kidneys. It is found to bind with blood fungus causing tumors. Can paralyze the spinal column and bring on epilepsy. Can cause dermatitis and other skin conditions, allergic reactions and chronic rhinitis. Inflammation of lungs and liver, leading to necrosis and carcinoma.

Toxicity: Leads to paralysis, overflow of blood to brain, and epilepsy. In excess, can be a carcinogenic. Can rob the body of oxygen. Every tumor needs nickel to hold it together!

Selenium (Se)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: Kelp/dulse, garlic, mushrooms, organic vegetables,

grains, broccoli, onions, brazil nuts. Most foods.

Toxic sources: Soil. Also, the refining of flour removes much of theselenium that is concentrated in the germ and bran. It is important toeat whole-grain products, since the selenium is not added back into“enriched” flour.

Uses in the body: The most important known function of selenium is as a component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase.

Selenium is a co-factor in an enzyme that protects body tissues(especially cell membranes) from oxidation by unstable free radicals.

Selenium also works closely with the antioxidant vitamin E. Protects all membranes, reduces risk of cancer, enhances immune system, antioxidant. Lowers requirement for B12.

Deficiency: Muscle weakness, linked to cancer and heart disease, fatigue, dandruff, loose skin, growth retardation, elevated cholesterol levels, susceptibility to infection, sterility, and liver damage. Down’s Syndrome, fibrocystic breast disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Muscular Dystrophy.

Toxicity: May include “garlic” breath, loss of hair, fingernails andtoenails, irritability, liver and kidney impairment, metallic taste inmouth, dermatitis and jaundice. Large overdoses can cause death.

Silica or Silicon (Si)

Acid/Alkaline: Alkaline-forming Food sources: Alfalfa, kelp, dark green leafy vegetables, horsetail, nettle, flaxseed, many fruits including apples, grapes, etc. Nuts, seeds, onions, berries (includingstrawberries), lettuce, figs, dandelion, cucumbers, cooked, driedbeans and peas, sunflower seeds, tomatoes.

Uses in the body: Blood, muscles, skin, nerves, nails, hair, connective tissue, pancreas, tooth enamel, and thymus (has an antiseptic action).

Silicon levels are high in people with atherosclerosis, but we’re notsure whether or not the mineral is related to the development orprogression of cardiovascular disease. The daily diet contains ampleamounts of silicon and the mineral is well absorbed.

Deficiency: Silicon’s primary function is in the development andmaintenance of bone. A silicon deficiency causes weak andmalformed bones of the arms, legs and head. Si is also important inthe formation of connective tissue (the protein webwork in bone inwhich calcium is embedded). Reduces resistance to infectiousdiseases. Rapid aging, tendonitis, bone decalcification, cardiovascular disease, abnormal skeletal formation, artherosclerosis.

Tin (Sn)

Food sources: Water, air and soil.

Toxic sources: Leakage of the metal cans into canned foods.

Uses in the body: Supports hair growth and can enhance reflexes.

Deficiency: Tin absorption is poor and it’s not clear how much of the daily intake of 1.5 to 3.5 mg. actually crosses the intestinal lining and enters the blood. Deficiency can cause symmetrical baldness, reduced response to noise.

Toxicity: High intakes of tin might destroy red blood cells.

Vanadium (V)

Food sources: Vanadium in foods is found in an organic form.

Toxic sources: Used in alloy steels, making rubber, plastics, ceramics and other chemicals. Can also be found in air, food and water supplies.

Uses in the body: Required for glucose tolerance factor. Vanadiumforms compounds with other biological substances. The averagehuman body contains 20 mg. of vanadium, which probably isinvolved in cholesterol metabolism and hormone production.

Preliminary reports show that vanadium might protect against thedevelopment of breast cancer and might slow down the growth oftumors.

Deficiency: Hypoglycemia, diabetes, increased dental cavities, elevated triglycerides, elevated cholesterol, chest pain, coughing, wheezing, runny nose and sore throat. In animal studies, a deficiency caused growth retardation, bone deformities and infertility.

Toxicity: Extremely harmful to lungs, throat and eyes in high levels.

Leads ultimately to death.

Zinc (Zn)

Acid/Alkaline: Acid-forming

Food sources: Pumpkin seeds, seaweed (c.a. kelp and dulse, etc.), nuts, green leafy vegetables, mushrooms, onions, wheat germ.

Uses in the body: Enhances immune system and thymus. Protectsagainst birth defects. Involved in many enzyme systems and in thesynthesis of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), so it is directly related togrowth and repair of the body. Brain, genital organs, thyroid, liverand kidneys. Effects transfer of carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs.

Constituent of digestive enzyme for hydrolysis of proteins. Aids inhealing wounds.

Deficiency: Lack of intestinal absorption. Restrictive growth. Loss of appetite, poor skin color and appearance, white spots on fingernails, slow wound healing, infertility, diabetes, loss of taste, poor night vision, birth defects, stretch marks, behavioral disturbances, failure of the testes or ovaries to develop, and dwarfism. Chronic diarrhea, cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes and kidney disease are prone to zinc deficiency.

Toxicity: High doses can produce liver disease with lethargy, pain in the stomach and fever. Also, increased colon and breast cancer.

TISSUE SALTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY

Tissue salts in biochemistry are the inorganic elements of the body. In 1665 an Englishman named Robert Hooke discovered what was called “the cell.”

In 1838 and 1839 the German scientists Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann, respectively, unfolded the cell theory. In 1850, Virchow unfolded his own version of the biochemical theory of cellular treatment. Moleschott of Rome and W.H. Schuessler of Oldenburg (Germany) focused upon what they called inorganic chemistry, or biochemic treatment of disease through tissue salts.

Tissue salts, known as cell salts, are considered the workers and builders of the body, and are found mostly in the blood and tissues. Water and organic substances are the inert matter used by salts (ions) in building and maintaining the cells of the body.

The actions of cell salts inspire fluids, cells and tissues to respond,

causing polarization or depolarization. This leads to the building (anabolism) and/or tearing down (catabolism) of cells. Plants take up elemental minerals and metals like calcium, sodium and sulfur from the earth through their root systems. Then, through plant physiology (mainly by photosynthesis) they convert these basic elements into salts so that the human body can absorb them and use them.

BASIC TISSUE SALTS

The following are the basic twelve tissue or cell salts set forth in W.H. Schussler’s biochemical theories of the 1870s.

Chloride of potash

Other names: Kali muriaticum, kali. mur., potassium chloride

Found in these tissues: Fibrin, unites with hydrogen to form HCL(hydrochloric acid); aids in the production and promotion of bile;alkalizer; aids in digestive enzyme formation.

Deficiency: Digestive problems, excessive thinness, weakened tissues, congestive and excessive mucus production, swellings, granulation of eyelids, nose, etc., sluggish liver, and jaundice.

Chloride of soda

Other names: Natrum muriaticum, nat. mur., sodium chloride

Found in these tissues: Found in all tissues and fluids of the body,especially extracellular. An alkalizer found in gastric juices.

Deficiency: Fluid regulation, acidosis, dehydration, elevated carbondioxide and cellular carbonic acid, constipation, heat stroke, ulcers,heart palpitations.

Fluoride of lime

Other names: Calcareafluorica, calc, fluor., calcium fluoride

Found in these tissues: Connective tissue (which covers all tissues,organs, and glands), and is the main component of bones and teeth.

Deficiency: Prolapsed conditions, including varicose veins and spider veins, hemorrhoids, bladder and uterus (prolapsed), etc.

Phosphate of iron

Other names: ferrumphosphoricum,ferr. phos., iron phosphate

Found in these tissues: Hair cells, muscular membranes of blood and lymph vessels, strengthens and enhances the blood. Use in the first stages of injury or illnesses.

Deficiency: Used in blood or bleeding syndromes (disorders), affects oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation, congestive conditions, insomnia, inflammatory conditions, debility.

Phosphate of lime

Other names: Calcareaphosphorica, calc, phos., calcium phosphate

Found in these tissues: All cells and fluids of the body. Combines with albumen to build new RBCs, gastric juices, bones and teeth.

Promotes growth.

Deficiency: Development issues, wasting conditions, debility,malabsorption, cancers, exhaustion, slow healing, muscle cramps and spasms, epilepsy and the like, circulation weakness or blockage.

Phosphate of potash

Other names: Kali phosphoricum, kali. phos., potassium phosphate

Found in these tissues: Skin and mucosa of the body, oxygen transport, used in detoxification by the lymphatic system and liver, use during inflammatory processes.

Deficiency: Skin conditions, lymphatic congestion (or inactivity), low immune response, low oxidative issues (including acidosis), asthma, rheumatism, fatigue and “laziness,” debility, heavy “mucus”conditions and pain.

Phosphate of magnesia

Other names: Magnesia phosphorica, mag. phos., magnesium

phosphate

Found in these tissues: Blood cells, bones, teeth, brain, nervous system, and muscle, essential to motor nerve function, antispasmodic.

Deficiency: Spasms, cramping, convulsions, etc., motor nervesyndromes, lockjaw, palpitations of the heart, nerve pain,hypertrophy of glands and organs, paralysis.

Phosphate of soda

Other names: Natrum phosphoricum, nat. phos, sodium phosphate

Found in these tissues: Fluids of the body, bonds to uric acid.

Deficiency: Breaks down lactic acid, gallstones and liver stones, sluggish gallbladder (promotes bile flow), gout and rheumatism, nausea, acid stomach, acidosis.

Silicic acid

Other names: Silicea,silicea

Found in these tissues: Connective tissues, especially, the bones, hair, nails.

Brain and nerve tissues, transmuted into calcium, alkalizes.

Deficiency: Nerve weakness, skeletal weakness, connective tissue

weakness, prolapsed conditions, depression, inflammation, memoryloss (“brain cloud”), arthritis, rheumatism, etc., low perspiration,night sweats, tumors.

Sulphate of lime

Other names: Calcareasulphurica, calc. sulph., calcium sulphate,plaster of Paris

Found in these tissues: Connective tissue, cells of the liver, attractswater, aids in the catabolism process of cells.

Deficiency: Abscesses, pimples, skin conditions, lymphatic swelling, inflammation (immune response with edema), some headaches.

Sulphate of potash

Other names: Kali sulphuricum, kali. sulph., potassium sulphate

Found in these tissues: Found in all tissues, especially in brain andnerve tissue, muscle and blood cells, metabolism. Antiseptic innature.

Deficiency: Diabetes, especially in low brain and nerve function, low vitality and endurance, low metabolism syndromes, microbialovergrowths (like Candida albicans), intestinal, etc., putrefactiveconditions, poor memory, Alzheimer’s, low adrenal functionaffecting neuro-transmitters.

Sulphate of soda

Other names: Natrum sulphuricum, nat. sulph., sodium sulphate

Found in these tissues: Intercellular fluids, works with sodium chloride in balancing the body’s intercellular and extracellular fluids, acts as a stimulant to the nervous system, pancreas, liver, intestines, etc.

Promotes digestion through pancreatic function.

Deficiency: Dehydration, malabsorption, starvation, constipation,sluggish digestion, diabetes, sluggish liver and gallbladder (jaundice, etc.) asthma, vertigo and nausea.